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Medulloblastoma in Children

What is pediatric medulloblastoma?

髓母细胞瘤是一种快速增长的脑癌,可以通过脑脊液传播到大脑和脊髓。它是儿童中最常见的恶性脑肿瘤,约占所有小儿脑肿瘤的20%。髓母细胞瘤发生在小脑中,这是控制平衡,协调和其他复杂运动功能的大脑部分。具体而言,肿瘤位于大脑后部后部的后窝中。髓母细胞瘤也被称为小脑原始神经皮质肿瘤(PNET)。每年在美国诊断出约350例病例,其中70%以上的患者年龄在10岁以下。虽然可能感觉像是压倒性的诊断,但髓母细胞瘤通常对治疗反应良好。

髓母细胞瘤的原因

Medulloblastoma tumors occur when cells develop poorly early in a child’s life. Although the exact cause is unknown, researchers have identified genetic changes that may play a role in the development and growth of this type of tumor. Medulloblastoma is associated with certain inherited conditions, including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, and Turcot syndrome.

Signs of a pediatric medulloblastoma

有些孩子可能没有症状,但是大脑的压力可能会引起嗜睡,头痛和恶心。儿童可能存在协调问题,肌肉控制难度以及食欲的变化。其他症状可能包括听力和视力问题。患者可以将头倾斜到一侧。如果肿瘤扩散到脊髓,孩子可能会遇到背部疼痛,走路麻烦以及控制膀胱和肠功能的问题。

诊断

当怀疑在身体和神经检查后怀疑脑肿瘤时,医生通常会安排MRI或大脑的CT扫描。如果在大脑的后窝中发现了肿瘤,则将命令大脑和脊柱的MRI确定肿瘤的解剖特征并评估其是否已扩散。下一步将是肿瘤的手术切除。肿瘤将在手术后测试以确认诊断。



Treatment

手术以去除尽可能多的肿瘤是髓母细胞瘤的第一道治疗方法。传统的手术治疗需要开裂切开术,在此期间,神经外科医生将去除一部分头骨以进入肿瘤。神经外科医生将使用患者自己的骨头关闭开口。如果肿瘤被完全切除,则可能会施用减少剂量辐射。如果某些肿瘤仍然存在,将下令进行更高剂量的化学疗法。在可能的情况下,质子治疗可以在避免健康组织的同时用于靶向肿瘤。

In some cases, the neurosurgeon can place a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to control increased intracranial pressure. The shunt is a plastic tube that moves the fluid creating pressure inside the brain to the abdomen, where the body absorbs it. With treatment, most children with average-risk medulloblastoma are cancer free five years after diagnosis.

此外,临床试验,称为“组合Intraventricular Chemotherapy Pilot Study: Methotrexate and Etoposide Infusions into the Fourth Ventricle or Resection Cavity in Children with Recurrent Posterior Fossa Brain Tumors,” is open to patients who are age 1 to 21 years old with recurrent medulloblastoma (PNET), recurrent ependymoma, and recurrent atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors involving the brain and/or spine. The study infuses two chemotherapy agents directly into the fourth ventricle rather than systemic intravenous delivery. This study is listed at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT # 02905110, under “Brain Tumor Recurrent.” If you would like additional information about this study, please contact Marcia Kerr, R.N. atmarcia.l.kerr@uth.tmc.edu或致电(713)500-7363。

您可以在Uthealth神经科学上期待什么

我们专门的团队使用先进的技术来准确诊断和治疗影响婴儿和儿童的神经系统疾病以及影响。我们在分享见解的专家和儿科神经外科医生组成的多学科团队中工作,可提供更好的治疗决策和结果,以及较低的成本和时间节省。在整个治疗过程中,我们将与医生紧密合作,该医生将您的家人转介,以确保平稳过渡到您孩子的常规护理。当您的家人与我们同在时,他们将获得专家护理,出色的沟通和真正的同情心。


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At UTHealth Neurosciences, we offer patients access to specialized neurological care at clinics across the greater Houston area. To ask us a question, schedule an appointment, or learn more about us, please call (713) 486-8000, or click below to send us a message. In the event of an emergency, call 911 or go to the nearest Emergency Room.

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