Resources
自闭症Facts
广泛性发展障碍(PDD)
有五种疾病属于PDD的保护，这是一种以“在多个发展领域的严重和普遍性损害”为特征的神经系统疾病，包括“社会互动和沟通技巧（DSM-IV-tr）”。这些疾病中的每一个都有特定的诊断标准，如美国精神病学协会（APA）在其诊断和统计手册（DSM-IV-TR）中所概述的。这五种疾病是：自闭症，阿斯伯格障碍，儿童崩解障碍（CDD），RETT障碍和PDD，另外指定的PDD（PDD-NOS）。
自闭症（自闭症）[read more]
复杂的发育残疾出现在童年的头三年，并持续到生活中。具有经典自闭症的人表现出三种类型的症状：社交互动受损，言语和非语言交流问题以及不寻常或严重有限的活动和兴趣。这些症状的严重程度可能有所不同。此外，自闭症患者通常对声音，触摸和/或其他感觉刺激的反应异常。最近的研究强烈表明，有些人对自闭症具有遗传倾向。在某些儿童中，环境因素也可能发挥作用。对自闭症患者的研究发现，大脑的几个地区异常，这表明自闭症是由于早期胎儿脑发育而导致的。自闭症及其相关行为估计在多达2：1,000至6：1,000的人中（疾病控制与预防中心2001）。自闭症在男孩中的普遍性是女孩的四倍，而且没有种族，种族或社会界限。家庭收入，生活方式和教育水平不会影响自闭症发生的机会。
阿斯伯格的疾病[read more]
In people with Asperger’s Disorder, deficits in social interaction and unusual responses to the environment, similar to those in autism, are observed. Unlike in autism, however, cognitive and communicative development are within the normal or near-normal range in the first years of life, and verbal skills are usually an area of relative strength. Idiosyncratic interests are common and may take the form of an unusual and/or highly circumscribed interest (e.g., whales, the weather schedules, number of signs).
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)
是一个相当罕见的状况，直到最近才被“正式”认可。随着CDD儿童的发展，与自闭症相似，但仅在相对延长（通常为2至4年）的明显正常发育之后。CDD的特征是随着时间的流逝而导致的技能丧失，并且在发作和过程的模式下与自闭症不同。尽管显然很少见，但这种情况可能经常被错误地诊断出来。
普遍的发育障碍，没有其他规定（PDD-NOS）
是一种“子阈值”条件，其中有些（但不是全部）自闭症或其他被鉴定出的普遍发育障碍的特征。PDD-NOS通常被错误地称为“ PDD”。PDD一词是指自闭症所属的条件类别。PDD本身不是诊断，而PDD-NOS是诊断。DSM-IV中包括普遍性发育障碍一词 - 不另有指定（PDD-NOS；也称为“非典型PDD”或“非典型自闭症”），以涵盖社会互动，交流和交流和明显障碍的情况/或刻板印象的行为模式或兴趣，但是当未满足自闭症或其他明确定义的PDD时。
Rett’s Disorder (Rett’s Syndrome)
s included as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder because there is some potential confusion with autism, particularly in the preschool years, otherwise the course and onset of this condition is very distinctive. Development appears normal until 6-18 months of age, followed by loss of acquired speech and hand skills, slowing of head growth, and development of stereotyped repetitive hand movements. Motor problems are quite striking, and profound mental retardation is typical. While the DSM-IV does not list male sex in the exclusionary criteria, the existing literature on Rett’s Disorder documents the condition occurring primarily in girls. Rett’s Disorder is thought to occur from 1:10,000 to 1:23,000 female births.
安吉尔曼综合症（AS）[read more]
罕见的神经遗传疾病和患病率需要进一步研究。当前的文献估计儿童和年轻人的患病率在1：10,000至1：20,000之间。正如严重的智力残疾，言语障碍，睡眠障碍，不稳定的生涩步态，癫痫发作以及通常是快乐的举止的特征。尽管它不被认为是自闭症的亚型，但个体确实表现出自闭症的许多行为，有时会被对自闭症进行第二诊断。具有AS的人共享常见的面部特征，例如宽阔的嘴巴，薄薄的上唇和深度固定的眼睛。一半以上的眼睛，头发和皮肤的色素沉着水平较低。与自闭症相反，患有安吉尔曼综合症的人通常被描述为非常社交。他们非常亲切，经常笑。
Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)[read more]
A genetic disorder and is the most common form of inherited mental retardation. It is a sex-linked genetic abnormality in which the mother is a carrier, transmitting the disorder to her sons. It affects approximately 1:1,000 to 1:2,000 male individuals, and the female carrier frequency may be substantially higher. Males afflicted with this syndrome typically have a moderate to severe form of intellectual handicap. Females may also be affected but generally have a mild form of impairment. Approximately 15% to 20% of those with Fragile X syndrome exhibit autistic-type behaviors, such as: poor eye contact, hand-flapping or odd gesture movements, hand-biting, and poor sensory skills. Behavioral problems and speech/language delay are common features of Fragile X syndrome. People with Fragile X syndrome also have a number of recognizable physical features, including a high arched palate, strabismus (lazy eye), large ears, long face, large testicles in males, poor muscle tone, flat feet, and sometimes mild, heart valve abnormalities. Although most individuals with Fragile X syndrome have a characteristic ‘look’ (long face and large ears), there are some who do not have typical features. Many hospitals and laboratories perform blood tests to diagnose Fragile X syndrome.
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
A disorder which is sometimes associated with, but not a subtype of, autism. The classical features of this disorder include an obsession with food which is often associated with impulsive eating, compact body build, underdeveloped sexual characteristics, and poor muscle tone. Because of their obsession with food, many people afflicted with Prader-Willi syndrome are overweight. Most individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome have mild mental retardation. Some of the behaviors which are common to both Prader-Willi syndrome and autism are: delays in language and motor development, learning disabilities, feeding problems in infancy, sleep disturbances, skin picking, temper tantrums, and a high pain threshold. Prader-Willi syndrome affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people. Most individuals suffering from this disorder are missing a small portion of chromosome 15 which appears to come from the paternal side of the family; when the portion of chromosome 15 comes from the maternal side, the person may suffer from Angelman syndrome.
Helpful Links
Please note that these links are provided for your convenience. Because other people maintain these sites, we can’t guarantee that all the information they offer is accurate or complete. We do try to list only sites that at the time we included them appeared to offer accurate information, and did not appear to include misinformation.
UT休斯顿链接
UT – Houston Harris County Psychiatric Center
UT – Houston Neuroscience Research Center
UT – Houston Children’s Learning Institute
UT - 休斯顿生物医学研究生院
自闭症
自闭症Speaks
自闭症Society of America
自闭症/PDD Resources Network(Offers many links to sources of interest.)
U.C.戴维斯M.I.N.D.研究所(A new research institute on autism.)
NIH/NINDS信息网站自闭症（信息的权威来源）。
自闭症组织计划（向对自闭症研究的组织捐赠感兴趣的个人和家庭提供信息）beplay苹果手机能用吗
Intellectual Disability Disorders
Down Syndrome Health Issues
MHMRA of Houston and Harris County
The Arc of the United States
The Arc of Texas
大休斯顿的弧线
The National Down Syndrome Society
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
C.H.A.D.D.
National Attention Deficit Disorders Association
ADHD Information Library
支持ADHD/CD/ODD的孩子的父母
Schools in the Houston Area Serving Children with Special Needs (by no means a complete list!)
Arbor Pre-school for Children with Special Needs
Briarwood School
纪念馆
Monarch School
Parish School
River Oaks Academy
River Oaks Academy ADHD Summer Camp
The Tenney School
Westview School
学习障碍
德克萨斯州学习障碍协会
NLD on the Web(Nonverbal Learning Disabilities)
Other Groups and Sites